Category Archives: Wanabidii

Kenya & Nigeria: Terror attacks kill 10 in Nigeria

from Yona Maro

(AFP) Ten people were killed in two separate overnight attacks outside the volatile Nigerian city of Jos, a local official said, leading angry residents to block roads leading to the area on Monday. Local council chairman Emmanuel Lomang alleged that four identity cards and a cap belonging to soldiers were found at the scene of the killings, fueling rumours that troops may have been involved.

Both the military and police declined immediate comment.

“Seven people were killed at Heipang while three were killed at Foron,” near Jos, the restive capital of Plateau State, Lomang told AFP.

He said both incidents happened around 12:30 am when the attackers opened fire on their victims after storming the two villages.

Angry residents have blocked roads leading to the area, an AFP reporter saw.

Jos and the surrounding region has been hit by waves of clashes between Christian and Muslim ethnic groups that have left hundreds dead in recent years.

The region lies in Nigeria’s so-called Middle Belt between the mainly Muslim north and predominately Christian south of Africa’s most populous nation.

Last week, at least two people were hacked to death while four others were seriously wounded in a village near Jos.

In Maiduguri, A man was shot dead by Nigerian police on Monday in a failed attempt to bomb police headquarters in the northeastern city of Maiduguri, a day before a report on Islamist sect attacks in the region is submitted to President Goodluck Jonathan. Police said they believed the man planned to detonate remotely seven gas cylinders and cans of gunpowder and petrol that were packed into the car.

“The man … gained entrance by ramming into the gate of the police headquarters and drove straight towards the main building before he was gunned down inside his car,” local police spokesman, Abubaker Kabru, said.

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World: NATIONAL SECURITY: Enter the Cyber-dragon

from Yona Maro

“RSA and defense-contractor hacks are among the latest battles in a decade-long spy war. Hackers from many countries have been exfiltrating—that is, stealing—intellectual property from American corporations and the U.S. government on a massive scale, and Chinese hackers are among the main culprits……..it is impossible to know how much Chinese hacking is done on explicit orders from the government. In some cases, the evidence suggests that government and military groups are executing the attacks themselves. In others, Chinese authorities are merely turning a blind eye to illegal activities that are good for China’s economy and bad for America’s.”

Other companies that reportedly have been attacked include Google, Lockheed, “Baker Hughes, ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, BP, Conoco Phillips, Marathon Oil, Lockheed, Northrop Grumman, Symantec, Juniper, Disney, Sony, Johnson & Johnson, General Electric, General Dynamics, the law firm King & Spalding, and DuPont.” Other firms include Yahoo and Symantec, “Adobe, Juniper Networks, and Rackspace” and Intel

The office computer of U.S. Defense Secretary Gates was hacked. “German chancellor Angela Merkel reportedly confronted Chinese premier Wen Jiabao after hackers from his country gained access to the computers in her office, as well as those in the German foreign, economic, and research ministries. In December, M.I.5 sent a letter to 300 British C.E.O.’s and security chiefs warning them that state-sponsored Chinese organizations may have been spying on their computer systems.”

“Among the other countries targeted are Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, India, Germany, and the U.K. In 2007, the year before the Beijing Olympics, one international athletics organization and the Olympic committees of three different countries were breached.”

Read More www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2011/09/chinese-hacking-201109

A senior U.S. State Department official elaborates: “One of the core things we’re trying to do diplomatically is to build a consensus internationally to build norms of behavior, rules of the road,” as described in the president’s “International Strategy for Cyberspace.”

Michael Joseph Gross, Vanity Fair, September 2011
http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2011/09/chinese-hacking-201109?printable=true

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Good Policy and Practice in HIV and AIDS and Education

from Yona Maro

This booklet is the sixth in a series of publications that addresses key themes of UNESCO’s work on HIV and AIDS and the education sector. It synthesizes lessons learned, activities, case studies, policies, and practices in HIV-related pre-service teacher education and training. The guide focuses on the key role pre-service teacher training has in preparing future teachers to deliver effective sexuality education and HIV prevention education to children and young people in education institutions.
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001916/191608e.pdf

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ICT4D and the Human Development and Capability Approach: The Potentials of Information and Communication Technology

from Yona Maro

This study frames a review of information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) within the human development and capabilities approach. Looking at the basic dimensions of human development, which make up the core measurement of its achievements: health, education and a income, and additionally at the dimensions of participation and empowerment, a survey of research and evidence seeks to evaluate whether or not ICTs have demonstrated positive outcomes for these dimensions of human development and more broadly to the practice of its approach. The paper reviews the literature and research conducted in these dimensions in order to establish a sense of the scope and potential that ICTs have for human development.

By doing so, the paper seeks to assess whether or not the use of ICTs is pertinent to the human development of the poor, and if so, which are documented cases and outcomes that can perhaps be replicated in differing development contexts. The paper also seeks to answer questions on the role of government policy and investment in ICTs as keys to their success in development and whether or not ICTs should be emphasized at all in poor countries.
http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2010/papers/HDRP_2010_37.pdf

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Freedom on the Net 2011

from Yona Maro

In order to illuminate the emerging threats to internet freedom and identify areas of opportunity, Freedom House created a unique methodology to assess the full range of elements that comprise digital media freedom. This report examines internet freedom in 37 countries around the globe, including Australia, China, Malaysia and Vietnam. The study’s findings indicate that the threats to internet freedom are growing and have become more diverse. Cyber attacks, politically-motivated censorship, and government control over internet infrastructure have emerged as especially prominent threats.

http://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/FotN/FOTN2011.pdf

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Tanzania: The Case of Energy Ministry: Investigate all Parliamentary Standing Committees!

From: Yona Maro

Press statement, Tuesday 19 July 2011

The Case of Energy Ministry: Investigate all Parliamentary Standing Committees!

The withdrawal of the Ministry of Energy and Minerals’ budget during the Parliamentary debate is evidence that the responsible Parliamentary Committee either intentionally or unintentionally, did not perform their prerogative role of scrutinizing the budget well. An independent investigation inquiry should be set up to look into the possibility that Parliamentary Standing Committees may have been bribed by the government in order to approve ineffective public budgets.

The media is awash with reports that the Prime Minister, Mizengo Pinda, shelved the budget for the Ministry of Energy and Minerals for three weeks following a fierce debate over the current power and mining crisis. Lately, the Permanent Secretary for the Ministry of Energy and Minerals, David Jairo, had written a letter to agencies and institutions under his ministry directing them to contribute Tsh 50 million each in order to facilitate smooth tabling of his Ministry’s budget.

This seems to have been the usual tradition as part of the letter states “…kama ilivyo kawaida wakati wa kuwasilisha hotuba ya bajeti Dodoma…” although this time business turned out to be not as usual, rather a saga. It was also reported in the media in the past few weeks that the Parliamentary Standing Committee responsible for the Ministry of Energy and Minerals may have been bribed to approve the Ministry’s budget in Dar es Salaam. The feeling among the public is that the case of the Ministry for Energy and their respective Parliamentary Committee is not an isolated one.

Apparently, similar trends have been observed regarding other ministries. For example, most public institutions usually organize for seminars with the Parliament before the budget debate for their respective ministries. These seminars may possibly be meant to pay MPs in order for their budget loopholes to go unchallenged.

Tanzania is faced with perennial problems emanating from poor oversight of the government by the Parliament. Some of these problems include unprofitable business contracts, grand corruption scandals, public budgets fraught with unnecessary expenditures, poor public financial management, and abuse and misuse of public funds.

Since both the Parliament and Government are implicated in this bribe scandal, an independent body should be tasked to form an independent probe committee to investigate these allegations of the government bribing the parliament. Corrective measures should then be taken against those found responsible.

Mr. Irenei Kiria

Executive Director of Sikika, P.O.Box 12183 Dar es Salaam,
Tel: +255 222 666355/57, Fax: 2668015, Email: info@sikika.or.tz, Website: www.sikika.

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Africa needs its own indicators of scientific innovation

from Zuhura Koku

It is true Mr Yona. Most of the reseach resulst have ended to pile in the cupboards. I think it is important for the national scientists to think carefully on the importance of supporting technology transfer for the innovated items. The gap also lies on depending to the entrepreneurs on technology transfer they forget that it is risky to go for a new product of which you are not sure with, there it needs the government or R&D institutions to test and coemmecialize in the first stages to atract the market. It is also high time for the R&D institutions to chose and develop few of the ready innovated products rather than keeping on researching for nobodys use.

Zuhura

– – – – – – – – – – –

from Yona Maro

Africa must develop measures of science, technology and innovation (STI) activity that accurately reflect African economies and experiences that are likely to be neglected because existing methods to capture them are lacking. In particular, we need to understand how to convert beneficial technologies into tangible benefits in Africa, and how to capture traditional as well as modern knowledge.

Agriculture straddles the formal and informal economies. It also draws on both modern and traditional knowledge. The STI indicators used must capture this duality of knowledge systems, as well as the informality of the economic activity.

Another major gap in Africa’s STI system is the lack of specialised capabilities for innovation — the process of converting knowledge to tangible benefits for people and communities.

http://www.scidev.net/en/opinions/africa-needs-its-own-indicators-of-scientific-innovation.html

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CEPO Press Release on South Sudan Independence

1 Reply

from Yona Maro

Community Empowerment for Progress Organization CEPO hails the independence of South Sudan, congratulates the Government, civil society and the international community for their contributions, as well as the martyrs and wounded heroes who died in the struggle. Challenges now lie ahead. They are:

Political Development: It is high time for the South Sudan political parties to sit together around a table for consodilating their differences through any possible means such as South-South political parties dailogue for the sake of gaining political unity of purpose. Additionally, drawing constructive and genuine fighting over “marginalization, oppression, lack of rule of law, violation of human rights and instutional racism and discrimination”.

Remembering the independence of South Sudan from the rest of sudan is due to dictorship in its various forms, lweak constitutional goverance and lack of inclusive approach in leadership and development. CEPO is urging every poltical party in the Republic of South Sudan to prioritise upholding democracy and good goverance as a paramount goal to be achieved.

The hard questions before the Republic of South Sudan political parties are, how well are they prepared politically for upholding political popularity in governance and leadership? And secondly, how much committed are they as political parties to the principle of respect and fulfillment of democratic transformation, human rights and rule of law with full political will?

Our failure to learn from the mistakes of the previous governments of Sudan, will place the government in the new state of south Sudan eminently for repeating Khartoum mistakes.

Economic Development : How much are we ready to follow clear policy-guided-work for achieving better and balance development. It is logical that we in the new born state should be careful enough to learn from experiences of post-conflict and independent states in economical development in order for us to avoid the human mistakes committed during economical development in those countries. Our key possible challenges are fighting corruption in its various forms in all institutions both governmental and non-governmental and lack of or weak relevant financial resource mobilization strategies with poor institutional accountability. Following the current situation prior to our newly born state which is characterized by fragile statues. It is important for our government of the Republic of South Sudan to immediately start running the government on the principle of clear policy-guided work. The transition of the south Sudan development plans into action is the first milestone for confirming commitment for policy-guided-work.

Further, answering the question “what are the policies of the government per each service sector institutions for attracting support both financial and human resource for transition of those plans into actual tangible services?” Is a key aspect of economical development. The fighting against all forms of corruption, HIV/AIDS and promotion of gender mainstreaming should be intensified and also turn as citizens’ individual civic duties and responsibilities with genuine assistance from the state and the international community.

Security sector reform: The genuine transformation of the security sector institutions from being unprofessional to professional under the principle of security sector institution accountable to the public needs immediate attention right from the day one after the independence. Any instability in the security sector management is an immediate factor that may take us back to square one where we are coming from to the independence. Therefore, the transparency and accountability among the security sector institutions is necessary. For improvement of justice and accountability, there is a need to have citizens-security sector consultative interactions that are heading to achievement of peace, stability and protection of civilians lives and properties

Hence, it is of benefit for the new government of South Sudan to build the security sector on the concept of protecting the civilians lives and properties including creating suitable environment for popular or inclusive national building regards to all aspects of development

The communal/local clashes or any violence are well managed when the security sector is clearly structured and organize on the bases of transparency and accountability. Accountability and transparency principle of the security sector is easily realized, when the security institutions are not intervening into issues and challenges in irresponsble and unlawful manner. For instance, if the security sector institutions relation with the media and civil society is not based on culture or attitudes of dialogue and information sharing, it will hard for ensuring popular or inclusive national building.

Civil society: Finding ourselves in fragil eviroment, it makes us not to be able to escape being frageli. It will be of no meaning if we are not able to play our role for making our government accountability to the people and failed to make the voice of the people far from the government not being heard by the various governmental and non-governmental agencies.

Being a civil society in the fragil state, it will be better for us to focuse at the following thematic areas;

1. Promotion of rule of law for ensuring justice and accountability.

2. Focusing on developmental projects.

3. Democrtic goverance with inclusive political participation.

4. Enhancing capacity building among the rural community memebers for promoting self-relaince.

CEPO stands ready to assist the Government of Republic of South Sudan and the people of South Sudan to face these challenges head on in collaboration with other civil society organisations.

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East Africa food crisis: 10 million in danger

from Yona Maro

Droughts across East Africa have put huge swathes of Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopian and Somaliland at the point of collapse, leaving an estimated 10 million people in urgent need of humanitarian aid. As rainfall is now less and less predictable and families in the region are seeing their precious livestock perish, their sole meal may be a meagre helping of boiled beans or a soup made from cooking oil. Most days, they will go without.

Sabria (pictured) is 15 and has to stay home from school to help care for her hungry siblings. Her mother told us:
“We go to bed hungry every night. I sing for the small ones, when they are crying, but they always end up crying themselves to sleep. Water has become a problem because it is expensive to fill our jerry cans. We don’t wash anymore. We drink all the water we get, and it is still not enough.”

http://www.actionaid.org.uk/102929/news.html

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Governance of Innovation for Sustainable Transport: Biofuels in Sweden 1990-2010

from Yona Maro

This report is a result of the GIST (Governance of Innovation for Sustainable Transport) project, performed under the auspices of IMIT (Institute for Management of Innovation and Technology) between 2009 and 2011.

The first step of the GIST project was the development of a framework for analysing the governance of innovation systems, published as a journal article (Hillman et al., 2011). Parallel to that work, two primary case studies were initiated that were supposed to contribute to framework development and to the understanding of the connection between governance and innovation processes. The overall case focus of the project is innovations for sustainable transport, and more specifically low-carbon road vehicles and fuels.
http://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-ProjectReport-Hillman-GovernanceOfInnovationForSustainableTransportBiofuelsInSweden19902010.pdf

Africa Capacity Indicators 2011: Capacity Development in Fragile States

from Yona Maro

Africa’s recent development performance has generated optimistic talk that the Continentwill soon join the league of “emerging markets.” Key challenges for the Continent are her exposure to external development policies and practices that do not take into consideration the cultural heritage, knowledge systems and institutions of its people, an inability to produce adequate food for its population, which gets worse with global climate change, and political instability and conflict in some countries. This is further accentuated by the limited participation of its people in decision-making, which has resulted in weak governance institutions in many African countries. Inadequate capacity also remains one of the critical missing links to Africa’s development. It is therefore common cause that Africa needs to implement more bold economic reforms, build critical infrastructure, improve governance, wealth redistribution and healthcare, and enhance human capital formation through education, research and training.

http://www.acbf-pact.org/Data/Sites/1/SharedFiles/aci_report/aci_report_09_02_2011.pdf

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India: Is free speech on the way out?

from Yona Maro

In recent months, India drafted new rules for the web that will allow anyone to demand that internet sites and service providers remove supposedly objectionable content based on a sweeping list of criteria. Even before the rules for internet speech were notified under the IT act in April, the Department of Information Technology had quietly blocked 11 websites, the Center for Internet and Society discovered through a recent Right to Information (RTI) request.

Early this year, the information and broadcasting ministry urged print publications to write more positive stories, even as it proposed amendments to the Press and Publications Act giving the state greater control over content. Among other measures, the amended law would allow local officials to suspend publication and bar anybody convicted of terrorist acts or any other act that endangers the security of the state from printing a newspaper or magazine.

http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/india/110628/india-free-speech-internet-laws

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Reports on terrorism trends & patterns, over 4 decades, several regions

from Yona Maro
subject Patterns in Terrorism in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and South Asia: 2007-2010

This report draws on an extensive modeling effort by Andrew C. Gagel. It provides a statistical trend of the US count of terrorist actions by terrorist organization in each region and country, along with maps of the number and density of terrorist acts. These trends and developments are summarized in a short overview for each sub region.

The data on North Africa do not yet reflect the sudden wave of instability and unrest sweeping through the region. The data that are available, however, do reflect a sharp drop in the overall level of violent terrorism in the region, driven largely by the success of the Algerian regime in defeating extremist movements in the that country.

http://csis.org/files/publication/110629_MENA_Central_Asia_China_Terrorism_2007_2010.pdf

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from Yona Maro
subject Terror Trends: 40 Years’ Data on International and Domestic Terrorism

A decade after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, looking back is as important as looking forward in order to learn from the past and to examine the current and future threats facing the U.S. This survey aggregates international data on global and domestic terrorism from the past 40 years. Combined with new intelligence, this data can better inform U.S. counterterrorism decisions and continue the process of delineating enhanced homeland security policies for the future. From 1969 to 2009, almost 5,600 people lost their lives and more than 16,300 people suffered injuries due to international terrorism directed at the United States. The onus is now on the President and Congress to ensure that the U.S. continues to hone and sharpen its counterterrorism capabilities and adapt them to evolving 21st-century threats.

http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/THF_TerrorTrends_40YearsDataonInternationalandDomesticTerrorism.pdf

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World Drug Report 2011

from Yona Maro

The World Drug Report documents developments in global drug markets and tries to explain the factors that drive them. Its analysis of trends and emerging challenges informs national and international drug and crime priorities and policies, and provides a solid foundation of evidence for counternarcotics interventions. Drug markets and drug use patterns change rapidly, so measures to stop them must also be quick to adapt. Thus the more comprehensive the drug data we collect and the stronger our capacity to analyse the problem, the better prepared the international community will be to respond to new challenges.
http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2011/World_Drug_Report_2011_ebook.pdf

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Government and Societal Effort To Address Vulnerability Leading To Risks Related To Drug And Substance Abuse Among Female Youth in Kenya

From: Yona Maro

The objective of the study was to investigate what is the government of Kenya and Makindu society are doing about the problem of female youth’s indulgence in drugs and substance abuse. The major finding of the study was that the government was working against vulnerability to drug and substance abuse through it agents such as the police, probation and after care services department, the courts, the ministry of youth affairs and sports.

http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol._1_No._7_%5BSpecial_Issue_June_2011%5D/24.pdf

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Linking Research to Policy: The African Development Bank as Knowledge Broker

From: Yona Maro

This paper highlights areas of bridging the gap between research and development policy and practice and discusses some pertinent issues and relevant role for the Bank as a “Knowledge Broker” as it mainstreams its knowledge management strategy to institutionalize a knowledge and learning culture in the Bank. In Africa, a wide gap exists between the producers and consumers of knowledge, and research could have a greater impact on development policy than it has had to date. Researchers as “knowledge makers” cannot understand why there is resistance to policy change despite clear and convincing evidence. Policymakers as “knowledge consumers” bemoan the inability of many researchers to make their findings accessible and digestible in time for policy decisions.

There are a number of gaps between research and policy that must be bridged such as (i): Limited policy relevant research; (ii) Insufficient access to research; (iii) Ineffective communication by researchers; (iv) An under-emphasised but very important area is the limited understanding by policy makers, politicians and incapacity of overstretched bureaucrats to absorb research and (v) improving the demand for evidence in a systematic and rigorous way.

http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/WORKING%20131%20Linking%20Research%20to%20Policy%20.pdf

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Africa: Changing Patterns of Access to Education in Anglophone and Francophone Countries in Sub Saharan Africa: Is Education for All Pro-Poor?

from Yona Maro

This paper explores patterns of growth in participation in six Anglophone and seven Francophone countries in SSA. The Anglophone countries are Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Francophone countries were Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Madagascar, Mali, Niger and Senegal. These countries have all had large scale Universal Primary Education programmes supported with external finance, and all have demographic and health survey (DHS) data sets collected at least ten years apart, first in the 1990s and subsequently after 2000. The data provide the opportunity to explore participation over a period of a decade or more to see how it has been changing.

The results show that progress towards universal access to education has been patchy and sometimes disappointing. Access to education remains strongly associated with household wealth despite commitments to pro-poor policies and investment of resources. Though overall participation has often increased, the chances of the poorest being enrolled relative to the richest have generally not improved substantially and in some cases have deteriorated.
http://www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/PTA52.pdf
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The State of the World’s Midwifery 2011

From: Yona Maro

Increasing women’s access to quality midwifery has become a focus of global efforts to realize the right of every woman to the best possible health care during pregnancy and childbirth. A first step is assessing the situation.

The State of World’s Midwifery 2011: Delivering Health, Saving Lives, supported by 30 partners, provides the first comprehensive analysis of midwifery services and issues in countries where the needs are greatest.

The report provides new information and data gathered from 58 countries in all regions of the world. Its analysis confirms that the world lacks some 350,000 skilled midwives — 112,000 in the neediest 38 countries surveyed — to fully meet the needs of women around the world. The report explores a range of issues related to building up this key health workforce.

http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html

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PUBLIC DISCUSSION – South Sudan Independence: The Way Forward

from Yona Maro

PUBLIC
DISCUSSION

“South
Sudan Independence: The Way Forward”

June 24, 2011

2pm-5pm
Juba Grand Hotel

PANELISTS

H.E. Riek
Machar – Vice President of the Government of Southern Sudan (GOSS)

Ambassador
Nakaha Stanislas – African Union (AU) Liaison Officer in Southern
Sudan

Hala Elkarib
– Director of the Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa
(SIHA) Network

Anis Haggar
– Chairman of the Haggar Holding Company

MODERATORS

John Tanza
Mabusu & Charlton Doki

Co-Hosts of
VOA’s “Sudan In Focus” program

PROGRAM

2:00
pm Guest Arrival / Registration

2:30 pm Opening Remarks

Introduction
of Broadcasting Board of Governors

Introduction of Panelists

2:45 pm Independence
– Role of the government in building a new nation

H.E. Riek Machar (opening statement, 5 minutes)

Panel Discussion

Audience Questions
and Comments

3:10 pm Lessons
Learned – Examples of post-conflict nation-building in Africa

Ambassador
Nakaha Stanislas (opening statement,
5 minutes)

Panel Discussion

Audience Questions
and Comments

3:35 pm Citizens
– Rights and obligations in a new society

Hala
Elkarib (opening statement,
5 minutes)

Panel Discussion

Audience Questions
and Comments

4:00 pm Prosperity
– Developing a successful economy based on trade and investment

Anis Haggar
(opening statement, 5 minutes)

Panel Discussion

Audience Questions
and Comments

4:25 pm Closing
Remarks

4:45pm VOA
Raffle – Give away
5 Self-Powered Dynamo Radios

Chinese Officials Looted $120bn Public Funds In 13 Years – Report

From: Yona Maro

China‘s Central Bank has issued a report saying thousands of corrupt Chinese officials stole more than $123 billion (N192,864,003,602,519.69) and fled overseas between 1995 and 2008.

The report also said the United States was a top destination for the looted funds, the Associated Press reports.

The report, released this week by the People‘s Bank of China, says between 16,000 to 18,000 government officials and executives at state-owned enterprises smuggled about 800 billion yuan ($123 billion) out of China within the period.

The study says the officials smuggled money into the US, Australia, Canada and Holland, using offshore bank accounts or investments such as real estate or collectibles. Officials masked the thefts as business transactions by setting up private companies to receive the money transfers, according to the report.

China has launched numerous efforts in recent years to curb graft, which is often a focal point of protests by ordinary Chinese and is seen as a major threat to political stability. But corruption among Communist Party officials is still common.

The report warned that the corruption was serious enough to threaten China‘s economic and political stability.

It said that aside from punishing guilty officials, China should improve monitoring of asset transfers and revise methods of payment overseas.

Chinese prosecutors have made some high-profile takedowns in hopes of deterring graft among the rank and file. In China‘s largest recent corruption scandal, the powerful party boss of Shanghai, Chen Liangyu, was sentenced in 2008 to 18 years in prison.

http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art2011061721212046

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